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So I lost my OpenBSD FDE password (2016)
- dspillett 4y agoThis is something that is difficult when trying to encourage less technical users to be secure. Once you convince them to do things right, they've heard of circumstances like this and are petrified of accidentally losing something. In a commercial environment there are ways and means¹ but getting a non-technical user to securely and safely manage access credentials is can be a time consuming education process. Especially after the first time someone comes to you to hack their stuff because they've lost their keys & they never did do that backup thing you good then about³ and you tell them it simply isn't possible. Even those of us with experience in the field sometimes make mistakes that we can't revert, so people without that experience can be forgiven to an extent for trading security for what they think is safety (but is really just convenience). Solutions, that don't involve someone being an unpaid 24/7 infrastructure support tech, on a postcard please! ---- [1] if procedures are properly followed² code is in source control and documents are in equivalent storage, the most you should be able to lose is today's work [2] yeah, I know… [3] or that uses the same, now lost, credentials
- klodolph 4y ago> Solutions, that don't involve someone being an unpaid 24/7 infrastructure support tech, on a postcard please! One step at a time! 1. Back up your data. 2. Test restoring your data. 3. Automate your backups. 4. Automate your test restores. 5. Now you are ready for full-disk encryption. It is okay if you do not complete all steps. More steps is better. Do not skip ahead.
- marginalia_nu 4y agoSo as long as you keep your data unencrypted next to your encrypted data, you're fine. Checks out.
- klodolph 4y agoI get it, it’s fun to make jabs at posts on HN. You don’t need to lean so hard into the trope. I may have assumed that your backups were encrypted, just because so many backup tools do it automatically. And I didn’t put that in the post. Predictably, I get some kind of jerk replying to the comment with a sarcastic jab, rather than any kind of interesting discussion. Accidental data loss is the big risk, and for most people, it’s a bigger risk than any risk of someone reading your unencrypted data. It makes sense to start with the most serious risks (data loss), and work your way down to the minor risks (compromise). It makes not sense to start by encrypting your data, because it significantly increases your risk of data loss, in the absence of good backups. That’s what the article is talking about.
- marginalia_nu 4y agoI legitimately didn't, and still don't, see how this solves the problem of less technical users losing their encryption keys.
- klodolph 4y agoBecause it gives you a longer period of time to learn the keys without consequences if you forget. If you encrypt your HD, you’re suddenly in a position where forgetting your key will lose all your data. It’s like walking off a cliff and hoping you can fly. If you start by making backups and doing test restores, there’s a period of time where you are still forced to remember the key (to do the restore), but the consequences for losing it are low.
- marginalia_nu 4y agoYeah I don't think this would help my mother.
- klodolph 4y agoYour mother wouldn’t benefit from backups? The idea here is that you get backups working first, because data loss is the most serious risk, and then you later consider whether you want full disk encryption once you have backups working. Encryption is designed to make data difficult to access, so it makes sense to consider backups and encryption jointly. I don’t understand why someone would consider this controversial.
- calvinmorrison 4y agoI am sitting on a 12TB array after my move I just can't come up with the combination... However, there are better options for users - how about Smartcards? You know, like yubikey / U2F before the web? You can even use it with LUKS
- girvo 4y agoAs much as I adore my Yuibikey, my girlfriend thinks I’m decidedly weird because I have two: one on my actual keys, and a backup that’s in my safe at home. Which is annoying because not every system lets me setup two Yubikeys (though TOTP is fine at least). I’m not using it for FDE, but I am using it for securing my password manager (which does support both keys) which holds the backup keys for said FDE and so on.
- gwillen 4y agoName and shame sites that don't support using multiple Yubikeys! I'm pretty sure they're violating the guidelines in the standard if they do that.
- vanous 4y agoThe issue I have is that the second key can't really sit in the safe all the time because everytime you setup new service, it needs to be taken out and added.
- ilyt 4y agoIt's weird that we had that issue solved ages ago (like SSH, just add multiple public keys to the account, no need to have private key available for that), yet keep inventing worse way to do it. Especially that most YK versions do support pub/private key auth...
- colechristensen 4y ago>trying to encourage less technical users to be secure The threat of “losing the keys to all the data” is considerably larger than the threat of having your computer and data stolen for an average home user. It can’t just be a matter of more secure is better… you have to have an idea of what you’re trying to prevent. All of our shit has been lost in one leak or another so at this point it seems like it barely matters.
- doubled112 4y agoMy happy medium is encrypted PCs that sync everything onto my unencrypted home server. If you're already in my bedroom, I've got bigger problems than my family photos. If I leave my laptop on the bus, it's a VISA problem. This isn't for everybody, but it's probably the safest my family can be.
- foobiekr 4y agoThis is not great from a robbery point of view or a disposal point of view. Syncing to a cloud service would be better.
- dspillett 4y agoThis is the other side of the problem: the issue is wider than your data and doesn't even need to be about FDE or other encryption. Simply using decent passwords/passphrases more generally is a hurdle to jump before even considering FDE because the other set of risks are when a bot gains access to the machine by those means it may be able to gain access to information to enable identity fraud or even get direct access to banking information (most care a lot more when their money is at stake than just their data or reputation). The circumstance in this post may not seem relevant here to us, but to a non-technical user the two are easily conflated (“I heard about someone who used a strong password and lost access to everything when it was forgotten”).
- ipython 4y agoEveryone forgets about the CIA triad - security is not just about confidentiality, but also integrity and availability.
- briHass 4y agoThis is why Microsoft Windows is so adamant about having you create an online account as your means of sign-in on modern Windows versions. FDE requires it on some versions. Telling users that forgot their password that not only do they need to reinstall Windows, but that every single document, photo, video of their grandkids, etc. is now lost forever is untenable. At the same time, FDE is important for security, so what is a reasonable compromise? Allow some form of online recovery options (secured by the full expertise of MS security folks) by linking an account to serve as your 'IT-guy managed AD in the cloud'
- jojobas 4y agoFDE with someone "in the cloud" having the key is defeating the purpose of FDE. Windows used to offer printing a very long key on paper.
- ilammy 4y agoDepends on your threat model. Most people protect against access by whoever stole their laptop, with Microsoft and TLAs not being considered a threat. Those who do probably don't use Windows in the first place.
- jsmith99 4y agoIt's actually a really elegant solution as there is nil correlation of risk: the key is useless without physical access and physical access is useless without knowing the login. Your government might be able to get the key - if that's part of your threat model - but they probably have easier ways to force you to give it up. Anyway, FDE is often on by default. Do you really believe the average user is going to print out the backup key?! Do even tech savvy users have printouts of all their eg 2FA codes? Anyway, that would have worse correlation of risk as users would probably keep the printout next to their computer.
- ilyt 4y ago> It's actually a really elegant solution as there is nil correlation of risk: the key is useless without physical access and physical access is useless without knowing the login. That is assuming you somehow forget your encryption key but remember the login to your microsoft account... that you used once 2 years ago when you were installing the machine. It also means anyone that does get the login for your MS stuff can decrypt your laptop
- llui85 4y ago(2016)
- GauntletWizard 4y agoI've been meaning to do this with my LUKS headers and zpool headers since reading about fast bcrypts via GPU a few weeks ago; I suspect that my FDE passwords are not powerful enough, but I'd like to put them to the test.
- ilyt 4y agojust add aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa in front of it so bruteforcing will not try anything with enough characters to even get close to your password (/s)
- GauntletWizard 4y agoI'll just have to add a macro key to my keyboard that automatically types the correct number of "a"s
- deleted 4y ago[deleted]
- pvg 4y ago96 comment thread from back then (2016) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12431248 https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=12431248
- cassepipe 4y agocorrect horse battery staple something something
- bbatchelder 4y agoNah, I'll stick with Tr0ubAdor&3, thank you very much :-)
- cassepipe 4y ago"batchelder is a fine person really but I do think s/he lacks entropy"
- nutto 4y agoBitLocker does this much better. With TPM+PIN mode, the TPM will only decrypt the volume master key if all the right hashes are in the platform configuration registers for the BIOS, option ROMs, MBR, filesystem headers and bootloader, and the user-specified PIN is correct. Or if you enter the 128-bit recovery key. The BSDs and Linux have a lot of catching up to do.
- orangepurple 4y agoSo if your motherboard needs to be replaced you can't recover your data? Nice!
- nijave 4y agoIt's effectively just multiple key protectors. TPM+PIN is one way to protect the data encryption key. You can also backup the actual encryption key (which is the recovery key). You can also add a password that protects the key or back the key up to an online Microsoft account or enterprise Active Directory account.
- nutto 4y agoThe actual encryption key for the volume data isn't the recovery key, it's the FVEK (full volume encryption key), which is encrypted using the VMK (volume master key). The recovery key is a 128-bit value (entered as 8 groups of 7 digits, each of which when divided by 11 gives a 16-bit value, where a non-zero remainder indicates the group has been incorrectly entered) which gets hashed repeatedly, with a salt, to derive a 256-bit key that decrypts a copy of the VMK.
- nutto 4y agoNo, you would use the recovery key in that scenario.
- ilyt 4y agoAnd we're back to the problem of having to store some rarely used credential somewhere. So you... put it in USB drive then dig it out 5 years later and discover it's dead and you're fucked.
- userbinator 4y agoWith encryption, you always have to balance the risk of having others access to your data to that of you also potentially losing access to your data forever. In other words, is it more important that no one, not even myself, can gain access, or is it more important that I can always have access, even if that means everyone else could? I suspect for much of the data people have, they'll categorise it as the latter instead of the former. If you're looking for something in between, then deliberately weaker encryption might be what you want, although almost no one seems to mention that much.
- walrus01 4y agoIf you're worried about something like what happens to your FDE volumes after you die, and you don't want to write down a passphrase somewhere, you could do something like pick three extremely trustworthy family members, swear them to secrecy, and give each of them one third of the passphrase.
- orangepurple 4y agoGuaranteed one of them will lose a piece
- akeck 4y agoShard it with Shamir Secret Sharing and give out shards to more trusted friends?
- kQq9oHeAz6wLLS 4y agoOr be in the tragic accident with you
- sedatk 4y agoThis is one the main problems with our approach to information security: we disproportionately prioritize protection of our data against theft/law enforcement/rogue bigtech employee over losing it in any other way. That's why many have lost their thousands of bitcoins, because they secured their keys so hard against theft that their data has eventually become unrecoverable despite that there'd be no thief, officer, rogue employee perhaps for a decade. People who advise not using cloud for backups, suggesting cold wallets and whatnot as blanket advice have been harmful by giving way to the orders of magnitude more likely but the catastrophic scenario that is simple data loss. Some people bash on Microsoft for backing up your drive encryption keys in the cloud for example, but it's the most common failure mode they're trying to address. No thief would access your cloud, no state-level actor would be deterred by lack of cloud (see: xkcd wrench), no rogue employee could make use of your hard drive encryption keys. Get your priorities based on your threat model, and get your threat model right, people.
- jchw 4y agoI skimmed back the article after reading this comment, and I'm still not really sure how this follows. Of course you should always make redundant backups with parameters suitable for however much assurances you want to have that you will not lose data. However, I dunno if there's any particular evidence to suggest that data loss is the main concern here. I mean, I have a backup strategy for most of my data, but I'd choose to spend at least some time trying to avoid the need to restore a backup first. Plus, I don't think there's good evidence to suggest that data theft is not a huge concern for people. Inside this article is a link back to a previous article about a NAS vulnerability that allows anyone to change the password of the NAS and enable SSH without authentication. I dunno if it's the same vulnerability I remember from some years ago, but there was a pretty real situation where many WD MyCloud users had their data stolen and NASes wiped. (I actually had a thankfully-mostly-decommissioned MyCloud at the time and it did in fact get pwned.) Backup strategies and good security posture is a "why not both" type of situation. It's harder than it should be, but sometimes that's the cost of doing business.
- sedatk 4y agoYeah my comment's tangential to the article. The problem there is that there is an FDE password in the process of securing your data that you can't backup reliably (Filippo misspelled the password). This would have caused the loss of an entire RAID drive for anyone, not for Filippo in this case obviously. Such a basic UX problem causes catastrophes. Microsoft avoids that by backing up your key (not password) to a USB drive or even cloud first. There's no typo issue. There's no forgotten password issue.
- ok_dad 4y agoI’ve just been using the same password for my FDE forever, and only for that purpose. I figure it keeps my data safe from theft, but probably not from the feds or my wife if she wanted in there, because they could either compel me to unlock it or have access to put some keyboard sniffer in my boot loader. The password is quite a few random characters that I memorized when I first used FDE decades ago and I’ve never had reason to change it. I rotate my other passwords often and never use this one anywhere other than a boot loader; I don’t even type it into a running operating system to save it. I’ll never forget it, but if I had to change it then I think I would go with the “battery horse stapler” method of pass phrase.
- jsrcout 4y ago> I’ll never forget it I used to think that, too. Narrator: He did forget it... Lesson learned. As always, YMMV.
- heeen2 4y agoNo need to imagine someone trying to hack your EFI or bios when they can just insert a usb keyboard sniffer ordered off amazon or aliexpress
- 2b3a51 4y agobattery horse stapler in a playfair grid? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playfair_cipher https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playfair_cipher Not the full cypher but just reading out the letters in the grid in a different direction.
- ok_dad 4y agoSorry, I assumed wrongly that most people heard of this: https://xkcd.com/936/ https://xkcd.com/936/
- nottorp 4y agoIt's good to have a vulnerability some times. A couple years ago someone lent me an Android phone to do some development on (it had some hardware feature I didn't already have on my testing phones). I don't use my main google account on dev phones so I promptly set it up with whatever google generated for me and I forgot both the email and the password. 6 months later I have to give it back, and I hit reset to defaults. Surprise! The phone asks me for the previous account and password! Back then the feature was new, which is why I didn't know about it. Fortunately, being new it was also buggy. I managed to complete the factory reset through a complicated process that involved going through accessibility options, replacing some system apk with an older version (via adb i think) and some other trickery that I forget. But the stuff was mostly in the open on youtube. This being strictly a dev phone, I had no data to lose. It only had on it apps I was working on and thus I had the full source code in git. Still, it was good to not create more ewaste. I've been paying attention on newer test phones though. I don't think that security feature is as easy to bypass these days...
- kstenerud 4y agoThis is a big reason why I don't use full-disk encryption; I simply have no threat model that would warrant the risk of using it. FDE doesn't protect against remote attacks, and anyone who would physically make off with my devices (a VERY unlikely event) is either: * A thief who will turn around and sell them to someone who will erase them. * A state actor who will get the data no matter what I do (and find it of no interest anyway).