6 ms·

Yes, we should have black and white laws, and unit tests for them. So someone could write a unit test for "Will this allow the NSA to create a secret court that

by jamieb 13y ago

Yes, we should have black and white laws, and unit tests for them. So someone could write a unit test for "Will this allow the NSA to create a secret court that is outside the rule of law?" or "Does accessing a university computer that has an open access policy allow for a sentence of 130 years?" I believe we'd see a lot simpler laws.

rmc 13y ago
I think that's impossible with the current English language, and the fact that human beings disagree about lots of things.
- minor_nitwit 13y ago
  you wouldn't write in English, you'd write it in Lisp.
  - liscovich 13y ago
    Do you know of any examples of actual legal documents written in Lisp, or some other formal language?
    - minor_nitwit 13y ago
      haha, no. It was meant as a quasi-joke. I'd like to see one though. Certain laws are very cut-and-dry (speeding for instance) and perhaps laws could be proven on a functional basis. You could even make it axiomatic from the constitution and declaration of independence. Of course, you'd need to define the axiomatic meaning of things like 'the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed' - which is hard to do even with such simple language. And then after loading the axioms, you'd spend a lifetime going through errors in the existing laws.
      - rmc 13y ago
        Certain laws are very cut-and-dry (speeding for instance) Ha! No. * do you want to give an exemption for speeding for, say, ambulances? So how do you define "ambulance"? Do you have to be registered to drive an ambulance? What defines the "duty of an ambulance" (or are they allowed to speed no matter what). What about a van carrying an organ to be donated? * What if I have my sick child in the car and I'm rushing them to the hospital because it's faster than waiting for an ambulance? Is it right that I can be arrested and convicted for that? I think that would be a perversion of the spirit of any just law. * What if I'm being chased by a maniac relative who wants to kill me? Can I speed then to drive away from them? Do I have to believe my life is in danger? How do you define that? * Let's pretend I'm driving along and some other vehicle is about to move into my lane and crash into me because they are stupid and don't see me, and let's pretend that if I speed up a little bit (over the speed limit) and am able to get in front of them and avoid an accident. Should I be convictable for speeding even though I sped to prevent an accident? Sure, these are all edge cases and there are loads of cases where it is clear cut, but you have to write a law that can handle the edge cases. Without accepting the vagueness of human life, you'll wind up with an unfair conviction that is horrible.
        randallsquared 13y ago
        Or, alternatively, you can write the law simply and let people decide for themselves if it's worth breaking. So, no exemptions for anyone, but then part of the cost of running an ambulance service is paying speeding fines regularly. Given the cost of ambulance services without that, the additional expense is lost in the noise, making it obviously a good choice to speed when useful (for ambulances). Trying to figure out after the fact whether someone had a good reason to break the law (and therefore shouldn't be penalized) is one of the things that complicates legal systems enormously. Instead, we should write the law clearly and specify the penalties for breaking it directly, and let those who have the best information about the situation, the potential lawbreaker(s), choose whether it is worth breaking the law in a given instance.
        joesb 13y ago
        And if speeding repeatedly banned the driver from driving, then you'll run out of ambulance driver after a day. Or let's put a man in jail because he break the law three times (even if all those cases would be exempted in current system).
  - rmc 13y ago
    But then you either need to get people to talk in Lisp or some other logical language, or you need a way to translate it to English. It's the English translation where ambiguities will arise. You've just moved the problem around,
- gsnedders 13y ago
  A nice example of the problem with natural language is Treason Act 1351[1] (this is still current law in the UK!), written in Anglo-Norman. This is problematic, as our understanding of the language is incomplete. Notably, in this case, there is no agreed upon meaning of "pvablement" — it means either "provably" or "probably": a rather major difference come a court of law! [1]: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw3Stat5/25/2 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw3Stat5/25/2
- jamieb 13y ago
  That's my point.
andrewfong 13y ago
No, you'd see more complex laws because law makers would just write around the unit tests rather than address the fundamental issue. Ergo, accessing a university computer would be fine (because that's in the test) but accessing a library computer would not .
krapp 13y ago
The problem with this is, human beings don't blindly interpret and process laws as code. Human beings can honestly differ in their interpretation of a law, and the accepted interpretation can change over time. Some one, or some body, would have to decide what the 'proper' interpretation of these laws would be, and craft the 'unit tests' such that they correspond to the status quo. Then that someone or some body would have to ensure that anyone who disagrees with that interpretation gets put down. What you're describing seems like a particularly technocratic form of fascism to me.
- minor_nitwit 13y ago
  Not really, as part of making the law - congress needs to go through all possible interpretations and rule out the ones not in the spirit of the law one by one. Then the law is defined by its tests. Is it okay to collect all XYZ data? Is it okay to collect anonymous XYZ data? Is it okay to collect XYZ data and hold it for X days? Is it okay to store and index but not search a collection of XYZ data? The law would end up saying something like - The NSA is permitted to store and index anonymous data for a period of 10 days. Attempts to make anonymous data personal are forbidden. Data may only be accessed with a court issued warrant subject to the following conditions:...
  - krapp 13y ago
    IANAL but I don't think it's possible to parse laws with that degree of certainty, or to determine an upper bound for "all possible interpretations," as different people can disagree as to what the "spirit" of a law is, or should be, or could be for the forseeable future. The US Constitution is pretty straightforward, and people are still waging petty wars over individual words to wrest their idea of "intent" from the Founding Fathers. You're suggesting a formal procedure for legislation which might have some merit, but I don't think it would remove politics or human bias from the process.
    - minor_nitwit 13y ago
      What if laws are considered whitelists? If it's a whitelist then if not directly stated it's thrown out. This may slow the legislative process, but that's not necessarily a bad thing, it was actually the founders primary goal. Agreed that it's not a fully baked idea by any means, humans will always attempt to circumvent any system. With that in mind, you may say that rather than designing a better system, we stick to the safe that was first cracked 200 years ago.
jdc 13y ago
I'd love to see this for a subset of laws. You could start with the law surrounding permits, for example.
mjn 13y ago
There's a sub-area of AI, since about the 1970s, that does try to do that, but it's very much at the research level. Modeling even simple "common sense" things is notoriously hard for computers (commonsense reasoning seems to require a large amount of implicit background information), so it's not clear that easy to unit-test coincides well with a human notion of simplicity and predictability. That's one reason that, in addition to being an interesting challenge domain for AI researchers, it's interesting to logicians, who aim to come up with logics and decision procedures that can capture what a decision procedure in law looks like (classical first-order logic and theorem-proving don't seem to model it well). The main short-term application is to reasoning-support systems that can suggest potentially winning arguments, point out obvious holes in draft arguments you were going to make, etc., sort of the legal analogue of medical diagnostic systems. A classic paper from 1977: http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mccarty/research/hlr77.pdf http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mccarty/research/hlr77.pdf A more recent system aimed at interactive use: http://www.ai.rug.nl/~verheij/publications/pdf/ai2004.pdf http://www.ai.rug.nl/~verheij/publications/pdf/ai2004.pdf A book, albeit priced at the usual Springer price-point that assumes no non-library human will buy it: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/3642064329/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=3642064329&linkCode=as2&tag=kmjn-20 http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/3642064329/ref=as_li_ss_tl?...
- jacques_chester 13y ago
  Classical logic doesn't work in a legal context. You need at least to use fuzzy logic to model the domain.
nathan_long 13y ago
Depends how you define "simpler." There would be a LOT of incredibly specific definitions, since there would be no room for interpretation by a judge. Consider a law that says "you can't drive a vehicle without a license." Is a bicycle a vehicle? What if it has a motor and weighs a lot? A velomobile? What about a hovercar? There might be 2,000 laws referencing "vehicle [definition #4,849, version 5]". (Actually, I guess a sensible definition might be based on momentum: we'll call a tricycle a vehicle if you manage to get it going fast enough; the point is that you can hurt someone with it.)
- skriticos2 13y ago
  .. it depends. What if the point in the given situation is to avoid traffic congestion? You normally don't want (a small) buggy drive down a high speed highway. In that case it the point would be: "should match the traffic flow requirements". So, I agree with your argument. It's all very situation dependent. For some reason I find it oddly comforting that human society and life in general can't be crammed into a small set of fixed rules. That would be kind of boring I think.
  - joesb 13y ago
    > In that case it the point would be: "should match the traffic flow requirements". And that's simple? What's the requirements? Might as well just say "people should be good", and say that's simple law.
dragonwriter 13y ago
> Yes, we should have black and white laws, and unit tests for them. First problem: I don't think that can be done. I'd be a lot more convinced to consider arguments like this accompanied by completed samples in some real area of human endeavor of the "black and white laws" with accompanying "unit tests" (and, anyway, wouldn't we want automated user acceptance tests, not unit tests.)
- skriticos2 13y ago
  Thinking about it, it probably can be done.. just not in a free society (which I think is all about doing what you want as long as you don't hurt others in the process). You probably can create black and white laws in a despotic rule. "The Ruler has all right, you have none. He decides." There, drafted an entire legislature with very black and white rules..
  - joesb 13y ago
    Then who decides if you have broken the law? Obviously cops have no right either. Only the ruler can decides? So ruler spent every seconds telling people whether they can talk/walk/eat?
    - skriticos2 13y ago
      Based on history it would be defined by corruption and the whims of who are awarded stewardship.
jacques_chester 13y ago
> I believe we'd see a lot simpler laws. Only if you model the domain with fuzzy logic. Otherwise you have a combinatorial explosion of specific definitions. And guess what? That's already how the law works: "Reasonable person similarly circumstanced". "Beyond reasonable doubt". "Balance of probabilities".

by jamieb 13y ago

rmc 13y ago

I think that's impossible with the current English language, and the fact that human beings disagree about lots of things.

minor_nitwit 13y ago
you wouldn't write in English, you'd write it in Lisp.
- liscovich 13y ago
  Do you know of any examples of actual legal documents written in Lisp, or some other formal language?
  - minor_nitwit 13y ago
    haha, no. It was meant as a quasi-joke. I'd like to see one though. Certain laws are very cut-and-dry (speeding for instance) and perhaps laws could be proven on a functional basis. You could even make it axiomatic from the constitution and declaration of independence. Of course, you'd need to define the axiomatic meaning of things like 'the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed' - which is hard to do even with such simple language. And then after loading the axioms, you'd spend a lifetime going through errors in the existing laws.
    - rmc 13y ago
      Certain laws are very cut-and-dry (speeding for instance) Ha! No. * do you want to give an exemption for speeding for, say, ambulances? So how do you define "ambulance"? Do you have to be registered to drive an ambulance? What defines the "duty of an ambulance" (or are they allowed to speed no matter what). What about a van carrying an organ to be donated? * What if I have my sick child in the car and I'm rushing them to the hospital because it's faster than waiting for an ambulance? Is it right that I can be arrested and convicted for that? I think that would be a perversion of the spirit of any just law. * What if I'm being chased by a maniac relative who wants to kill me? Can I speed then to drive away from them? Do I have to believe my life is in danger? How do you define that? * Let's pretend I'm driving along and some other vehicle is about to move into my lane and crash into me because they are stupid and don't see me, and let's pretend that if I speed up a little bit (over the speed limit) and am able to get in front of them and avoid an accident. Should I be convictable for speeding even though I sped to prevent an accident? Sure, these are all edge cases and there are loads of cases where it is clear cut, but you have to write a law that can handle the edge cases. Without accepting the vagueness of human life, you'll wind up with an unfair conviction that is horrible.
      - randallsquared 13y ago
        Or, alternatively, you can write the law simply and let people decide for themselves if it's worth breaking. So, no exemptions for anyone, but then part of the cost of running an ambulance service is paying speeding fines regularly. Given the cost of ambulance services without that, the additional expense is lost in the noise, making it obviously a good choice to speed when useful (for ambulances). Trying to figure out after the fact whether someone had a good reason to break the law (and therefore shouldn't be penalized) is one of the things that complicates legal systems enormously. Instead, we should write the law clearly and specify the penalties for breaking it directly, and let those who have the best information about the situation, the potential lawbreaker(s), choose whether it is worth breaking the law in a given instance.
        joesb 13y ago
        And if speeding repeatedly banned the driver from driving, then you'll run out of ambulance driver after a day. Or let's put a man in jail because he break the law three times (even if all those cases would be exempted in current system).
- rmc 13y ago
  But then you either need to get people to talk in Lisp or some other logical language, or you need a way to translate it to English. It's the English translation where ambiguities will arise. You've just moved the problem around,
gsnedders 13y ago
A nice example of the problem with natural language is Treason Act 1351[1] (this is still current law in the UK!), written in Anglo-Norman. This is problematic, as our understanding of the language is incomplete. Notably, in this case, there is no agreed upon meaning of "pvablement" — it means either "provably" or "probably": a rather major difference come a court of law! [1]: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw3Stat5/25/2 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw3Stat5/25/2
jamieb 13y ago
That's my point.

andrewfong 13y ago

No, you'd see more complex laws because law makers would just write around the unit tests rather than address the fundamental issue. Ergo, accessing a university computer would be fine (because that's in the test) but accessing a library computer would not .

krapp 13y ago

The problem with this is, human beings don't blindly interpret and process laws as code. Human beings can honestly differ in their interpretation of a law, and the accepted interpretation can change over time. Some one, or some body, would have to decide what the 'proper' interpretation of these laws would be, and craft the 'unit tests' such that they correspond to the status quo. Then that someone or some body would have to ensure that anyone who disagrees with that interpretation gets put down. What you're describing seems like a particularly technocratic form of fascism to me.

minor_nitwit 13y ago
Not really, as part of making the law - congress needs to go through all possible interpretations and rule out the ones not in the spirit of the law one by one. Then the law is defined by its tests. Is it okay to collect all XYZ data? Is it okay to collect anonymous XYZ data? Is it okay to collect XYZ data and hold it for X days? Is it okay to store and index but not search a collection of XYZ data? The law would end up saying something like - The NSA is permitted to store and index anonymous data for a period of 10 days. Attempts to make anonymous data personal are forbidden. Data may only be accessed with a court issued warrant subject to the following conditions:...
- krapp 13y ago
  IANAL but I don't think it's possible to parse laws with that degree of certainty, or to determine an upper bound for "all possible interpretations," as different people can disagree as to what the "spirit" of a law is, or should be, or could be for the forseeable future. The US Constitution is pretty straightforward, and people are still waging petty wars over individual words to wrest their idea of "intent" from the Founding Fathers. You're suggesting a formal procedure for legislation which might have some merit, but I don't think it would remove politics or human bias from the process.
  - minor_nitwit 13y ago
    What if laws are considered whitelists? If it's a whitelist then if not directly stated it's thrown out. This may slow the legislative process, but that's not necessarily a bad thing, it was actually the founders primary goal. Agreed that it's not a fully baked idea by any means, humans will always attempt to circumvent any system. With that in mind, you may say that rather than designing a better system, we stick to the safe that was first cracked 200 years ago.

jdc 13y ago

I'd love to see this for a subset of laws. You could start with the law surrounding permits, for example.

mjn 13y ago

There's a sub-area of AI, since about the 1970s, that does try to do that, but it's very much at the research level. Modeling even simple "common sense" things is notoriously hard for computers (commonsense reasoning seems to require a large amount of implicit background information), so it's not clear that easy to unit-test coincides well with a human notion of simplicity and predictability. That's one reason that, in addition to being an interesting challenge domain for AI researchers, it's interesting to logicians, who aim to come up with logics and decision procedures that can capture what a decision procedure in law looks like (classical first-order logic and theorem-proving don't seem to model it well). The main short-term application is to reasoning-support systems that can suggest potentially winning arguments, point out obvious holes in draft arguments you were going to make, etc., sort of the legal analogue of medical diagnostic systems. A classic paper from 1977: http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mccarty/research/hlr77.pdf http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~mccarty/research/hlr77.pdf A more recent system aimed at interactive use: http://www.ai.rug.nl/~verheij/publications/pdf/ai2004.pdf http://www.ai.rug.nl/~verheij/publications/pdf/ai2004.pdf A book, albeit priced at the usual Springer price-point that assumes no non-library human will buy it: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/3642064329/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=3642064329&linkCode=as2&tag=kmjn-20 http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/3642064329/ref=as_li_ss_tl?...

jacques_chester 13y ago
Classical logic doesn't work in a legal context. You need at least to use fuzzy logic to model the domain.

nathan_long 13y ago

Depends how you define "simpler." There would be a LOT of incredibly specific definitions, since there would be no room for interpretation by a judge. Consider a law that says "you can't drive a vehicle without a license." Is a bicycle a vehicle? What if it has a motor and weighs a lot? A velomobile? What about a hovercar? There might be 2,000 laws referencing "vehicle [definition #4,849, version 5]". (Actually, I guess a sensible definition might be based on momentum: we'll call a tricycle a vehicle if you manage to get it going fast enough; the point is that you can hurt someone with it.)

skriticos2 13y ago
.. it depends. What if the point in the given situation is to avoid traffic congestion? You normally don't want (a small) buggy drive down a high speed highway. In that case it the point would be: "should match the traffic flow requirements". So, I agree with your argument. It's all very situation dependent. For some reason I find it oddly comforting that human society and life in general can't be crammed into a small set of fixed rules. That would be kind of boring I think.
- joesb 13y ago
  > In that case it the point would be: "should match the traffic flow requirements". And that's simple? What's the requirements? Might as well just say "people should be good", and say that's simple law.

dragonwriter 13y ago

> Yes, we should have black and white laws, and unit tests for them. First problem: I don't think that can be done. I'd be a lot more convinced to consider arguments like this accompanied by completed samples in some real area of human endeavor of the "black and white laws" with accompanying "unit tests" (and, anyway, wouldn't we want automated user acceptance tests, not unit tests.)

skriticos2 13y ago
Thinking about it, it probably can be done.. just not in a free society (which I think is all about doing what you want as long as you don't hurt others in the process). You probably can create black and white laws in a despotic rule. "The Ruler has all right, you have none. He decides." There, drafted an entire legislature with very black and white rules..
- joesb 13y ago
  Then who decides if you have broken the law? Obviously cops have no right either. Only the ruler can decides? So ruler spent every seconds telling people whether they can talk/walk/eat?
  - skriticos2 13y ago
    Based on history it would be defined by corruption and the whims of who are awarded stewardship.

jacques_chester 13y ago

> I believe we'd see a lot simpler laws. Only if you model the domain with fuzzy logic. Otherwise you have a combinatorial explosion of specific definitions. And guess what? That's already how the law works: "Reasonable person similarly circumstanced". "Beyond reasonable doubt". "Balance of probabilities".