The swap files do use a non+VFS path after setup in 2.6+ kernels, but it is complex and has had bugs: https://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/2103.0/06524.h

The swap files do use a non+VFS path after setup in 2.6+ kernels, but it is complex and has had bugs: https://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/2103.0/06524.html https://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/2103.0/06524.html The bug is in here: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=48d15436fde6feebcded7bd0fdc8ea4a9181b8fa https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/lin... This was 2021, and while this bug is fixed, maybe take Linus's advice. Rely on a partition for primary swap, and only add files if you need to. Don't put them on the root partition, preferably a second disk. I can't resolve your links but this is a good reference: https://kernel-internals.org/mm/swapping/ https://kernel-internals.org/mm/swapping/ Normally dump skips swap partitions entirely, and doesn't know anything about partitioning. Swap will refuse to activate on a non-mkswap partition so there is reasonable protection when you're migrating.