my common dumb test approach with fio fio --rw=write --ioengine=sync --fdatasync=1 --directory=test-data --size=220m --bs=2300 --name=mytest Consumer grade

my common dumb test approach with fio fio --rw=write --ioengine=sync --fdatasync=1 --directory=test-data --size=220m --bs=2300 --name=mytest Consumer grade SSDs 100-500 iops, datacenter SSDs in thousands (like ~ 5 year old samsung model on Hetzher AFAIR had ~ 3000 iops in that test). Cheap VPSes - easily in 5-30 iops of this sort more often then not, fsync/fdatasync is overlooked by programmers