For anybody else trying to grok backprop, I found it very helpful to look at karpathy's microgpt, a barebones LLM in 200 lines of python. The autograd itself is

For anybody else trying to grok backprop, I found it very helpful to look at karpathy's microgpt, a barebones LLM in 200 lines of python. The autograd itself is just 40 lines, and reading that code and then trying to do a clean room implementation of it is a great exercise: https://gist.github.com/karpathy/8627fe009c40f57531cb18360106ce95 https://gist.github.com/karpathy/8627fe009c40f57531cb1836010... https://karpathy.github.io/2026/02/12/microgpt/ https://karpathy.github.io/2026/02/12/microgpt/