You're making straw man examples, but if you want to understand more, I suggest any paper on Bitcoin. Personally, I'm not a fan of it. But the thesis is real,

You're making straw man examples, but if you want to understand more, I suggest any paper on Bitcoin. Personally, I'm not a fan of it. But the thesis is real, and it might have delivered on its promise if the world wasn't actually full of scumbags and scammers (each one accidentally contributing to making Big Banks look like the lesser of the evils).