You can even use the chip on the card together with some cheap HW device to authorize the transactions made with the app. This actually exists [1] for quite som

You can even use the chip on the card together with some cheap HW device to authorize the transactions made with the app. This actually exists [1] for quite some time but seems to be mostly limited to Germany. But this and the use of other HW tokens systems is on decline. Banks increasingly use apps now, increasingly without any meaningful second factor, not even offering better options. They want this and are fully to blame. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_authentication_number#ChipTAN_/_Sm@rt-TAN_/_CardTAN https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_authentication_num... (This is a bit outdated, nowadays it works via QR codes instead of those flickering barcodes but the concept stays the same)