I’m skeptical that established automakers even felt threatened. For one thing, manufacturers seemed to overestimate present demand for high-end, expensive EVs (

I’m skeptical that established automakers even felt threatened. For one thing, manufacturers seemed to overestimate present demand for high-end, expensive EVs (no way Apple was going to build a lower-tier “economy” car). Also, companies just entering the automotive industry (Tesla, Rivian etc.) seem to face loads of challenges that long-lived ICE manufacturers have solved a long time ago.