"Surprise", or rather "specific surprise", is actually a technical term in information theory, e.g., see: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0954-898X/1

"Surprise", or rather "specific surprise", is actually a technical term in information theory, e.g., see: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0954-898X/10/4/303 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0954-898X/10/4/30... This doesn't seem to be how the author is using it in this arxiv paper though.