I don't intend to argue so much as to offer a data point: I suspect that most folks on this site learned C or something C-like early on, and have internalized i

I don't intend to argue so much as to offer a data point: I suspect that most folks on this site learned C or something C-like early on, and have internalized its modus operandi. I have been learning C recently from a background of functional programming, and I find it scary and evil. FWIW, I enjoy programming very much, and have built some non-trivial stuff in several languages. Still, I found C extremely taxing. Not in the sense that I felt it was beyond me, but in that I was fighting or recoiling from the language at practically every turn. In what follows, I am acutely aware that I am nowhere near fully fluent in C yet, and am writing only to offer the first impressions of a student. Nevertheless, in that time I have been able to draw on the advice of several "experienced colleagues", as K&R urge. In that sense, if I misstate the facts, I will be repeating the misconceptions of people who have objectively spent an awful lot of time writing C. I would be glad to be corrected on any point, but I'd also find that kind of symptomatic of the issues I have with C. Firstly, C is incredibly stateful. I would be glad to learn that I am just Doing It Wrong, but there seem to be no obvious way around stateful manipulations as a way of life. Take, for instance, the fact that arrays are essentially second-class citizens and must be stuffed into functions as (pointers to) extra parameters in order to capture the "function's" "output". I am breaking out the scare quotes here since it is an abuse of vocabulary to refer to a procedure that communicates with the world by modifying its inputs as a function. If you have not cut your teeth on it, it seems almost obscurantist. If I want to multiply A by x and store the result in b, I want to write b = matrixProduct(A,x); not matrixProduct(b, A, x); as I must in C. I go back and forth over whether this is a deliberate and worthwhile performance tradeoff or just myopic design[1], but I don't want to have to settle for this in code I read every day. There is also a kind of bureaucratic spirit in much C code, resulting from the fact that one must attend so closely to the how of computation rather than the what. In some contexts, like when you're doing distributed simulations that may run for days and performance is at an absolute premium, this emphasis may be appropriate. In most contexts, however, one finds oneself implementing and reimplementing standard operations by hand. Why should it take four lines to sum an array? One of the most alarming symptoms of this style can be witnessed by watching an experienced C programmer read code. Old hands don't read lines, they scan an entire section of a page at a time. I was awed by this ability until I realized that it is possible only because each line of C does so little. I recall someone (probably in an HN comment) describing the "rhythm" of reading C code. That, to me, is not an encouraging sign. Then there is, of course, the penance of debugging segfaults and space leaks. What happens when you declare 10 pointers and allocate 9 of them? No one knows, because C doesn't know either. It's up to the compiler. Towers of Hanoi, nasal demons, &c. Even with the help of with smart and experienced people, I've never spent so much time diagnosing such trivial, silent runtime errors. Yes, I know it's that way for a reason, but that reason is not legibility or ease of understanding. At end, C has performance and a relatively (but not exceptionally) compact semantics. The importance of cycle-squeezing is becoming less of a consideration daily, for reasons well-rehearsed on this site and elsewhere. As for C's semantics, I'd much rather spend my time thinking about the transformations I want to map over my data than orchestrating von Neumann machines to carry those transformations out. If your model of computation is something other than register machines, it's not quite cricket to describe the implementation as magic. ----------------------------- [1]I'd like to qualify that remark in two ways. Firstly, I certainly recognize the brilliance of K&R for working C from the raw conceptual materials of the time. Secondly language designers in 1969 did not have the benefit of the last 40 years' of object lessons in readability. There are many potential languages--points in language space, if you will--that are semantically identical or near-identical but much more readable than the ansi standard. For an example given by Kernighan himself, postfixing the dereference operator would have done miracles for legibility. Ultimately, a lot of more or less arbitrary choices were made early on and now it's too late to correct them.