> in the case of offline where there are no http headers, the browser works out what encoding to use For file: URLs, Firefox and, a bit less reliably, Chrome d

> in the case of offline where there are no http headers, the browser works out what encoding to use For file: URLs, Firefox and, a bit less reliably, Chrome do work out that an HTML file is UTF-8. Safari does not. > And since utf-8 is the only valid charset for HTML5 Correct. > it should be the default. It isn't. See https://hsivonen.fi/utf-8-detection/ https://hsivonen.fi/utf-8-detection/ for why. Having <meta charset="UTF-8"> in the boilerplate is good advice.