Based on Fig. 1 and the text describing it, the study seems to conclude that imperative programming is unlike anything students have seen before. "all had enou

Based on Fig. 1 and the text describing it, the study seems to conclude that imperative programming is unlike anything students have seen before. "all had enough school mathematics to make the equality sign familiar." Sure, but = in imperative code is nothing like = in math. It's hardly surprising that it is confusing.